BioEthics :: essays research papers

Bio-EthicsThe issue of bio-ethics presents a myriad of new dilemmas all of which make believe arisen in the recent past, and must be addressed in the near future. The majority of these questions stem from the introduction of new, genetically-engineered organisms. These organisms, or at least many of them, argon created in laboratories, by gene splicing, swapping, and so on and essentially, these scientists are playing god, creating biological entities as they want them. This is the main source of the controversy. In more developed countries where genetically engineered disputes may ensue, the trend is total protection through patents and other regulatory and monitoring agencies. These problems come about from identification of the new bio-engineered organisms, and this approach allows the industries and entrepreneurs to recover the great costs involved in the research and development of genetic engineering. It promotes the development of products to benefit society, and it allows access for a larger genetic bank for analyses, experimentation, and investigation. There is a second side to this coin-it means that the researchers can assert an excessive price to their product while eliminating any competition for a given period of time. It allows for copies of living things to be made easily and inexpensively. This happens outside the United States, where strict regulations are not in continuity with those pirating compact discs in Japan, bottling Coca Cola in India, etc. No countries spend any monetary amount comparable to the over 300 million dollars to run the patent and trademark office, as the U.S. does. Another placard can be made that because of the time involved and the cost that the free flow of information is inhibited between researchers. These arguments all take place under(a) the umbrella that "Life forces can be controlled by ownership." Many countries take the view that these genetic products are not intellectual property, and as such, not receptive to the conventional patent laws. These properties should not be protected and belong to society as much as any organism which has naturally evolved through familiar processes. GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariff) has attempted to address this issue through a larger commercial / trade package however, this is a position in which very little agreement among parties is found.

John Woo Essay -- Action Films Directors Movies Essays

John Woo The bread-and-butter of the film industry is the action movie. apiece summer, audiences can expect to see car chases, gunfights and explosions, and studios can expect to see millions and millions of dollars in return. Though most viewers and critics see these movies as fluff amusement (and rightfully so), there is one manager that puts as much heart and soul into his fluff as any number of talented directors put into their serious movies. His name is John Woo. Even though you may not aim heard about him, he is widely considered to be the best contemporary director of action films working anywhere.John Woo, after many years of hard work, has become cognize as the worlds best action film director. His action sequences have become the stuff of legend and ar now the basis from which all other action movies are judged. More importantly, along with the bloodshed, Woo has proven that he can create real characters with real emotions that the audience can sympathize with. Per haps that is his greatest talent, and perhaps that is why he will become known as one of the greatest directors in the years to come.John Woos style is definitely fast paced an exciting. Mostly throughout all of his movies his themes are good against evil. It is always the case of a standoff between the good guy and the bad guy, in their last battle, always to the death. Woos would lots use montages to make time go faster, as in Face/Off when the swat team breaks into the hou...

How to Write an Essay :: Process Essays

Process Essay - How to Write an EssayWriting a college essay can be a very difficult task. However, there be techniques to help make this task easier. The typography process is a threestage approach to planning and creating a college essay. These stages are knownas prewriting, writing, and revising. If a student follows this process, shewill write a good paper.The first stage of the writing process is called prewriting. There arefive prewriting techniques that help authors to understand the event and functionof the writing assignment and limit the topic to a manageable and appropriateidea. The techniques are brainstorming, freewriting, diagramming, making a list,and preparing an outline. In brainstorming, you generate ideas for you writing.A writer might view a film and discuss or write their impressions, write a listof ideas for an essay, or discuss a topic with a group of students. You mightask yourself some questions such as What? Why? When? Where? How? and Who? Infreewriting, you write non-stop about a subject for a certain make out of time.Spelling or punctuation, mistakes, and finding exact words do not matter. Ithelps you to get a clearer picture of what you are trying you say. Diagrammingis helpful for community who think in a visual way. You can put your idea in acircle or block and branch off examples or other ideas pertaining to it. Thefourth technique is making a list. You list as many items you can that has arelation to your topic. Your goal is to make details and to suffer as muchmaterial as possible so you have something to start with when you go to writeyour paper. The last technique is preparing an outline. The thesis statementis understandably stated on the outline and a specific outline format is followed.Outlining gives you a sense of organization and allows you to see quickly if youhave enough maintain for your ideas. After the writer is done prewriting, shemoves on to the next step.The second stage for the writing process is called writing. In thewriting phase, you make decisions about developing and organizing your ideasinto writing and discover what you know about the subject. Insights gained fromthe prewriting phase help shape ideas into meaning for yourself and others. Thewriter may prepare a rough draft, focusing on the purpose of the writing andchoosing a suitable form for a specific audience. You need a thesis to workwith first. The thesis will be your guide piece of music you write your essay.

The Role of the Visual in Todays Society Essay -- Architecture Buildi

The Role of the Visual in Todays Society The role of the visual in todays society is quite app arnt. Beautiful, flashy stick outs be everywhere in the media, and all of them serve the same purpose. The purpose of all of these images is to get you, the consumer to defile the product that is being sold, or at least buy into the idea that a particular product represents. The role of the visual in new(a) architecture is very much the same. The purpose of the visual in modern architecture is to publicize or privatize a build through any media necessary to create the desired representation, and thereby sell the idea. In the type of Le Corbusier, the goal was to create a very visual and public architecture. He recognized that not everybody would be able to go and personally name his buildings, thus he decided to bring his buildings to them. Obviously Corbusier believed very strongly in the representational value of his buildings, I prefer drawing to talking. Drawing is faster, a nd leaves little room for lies. In this quotation Corbusier describes just how important the role of the visual is to him. Experience is not necessary, and neither is discussion, just visualization. In the case of Villa Savoye (Poissy, France 1928-1929) Corbusier created a building based upon his principles of architecture, and the idea of the house as a machine for living. These programmatic elements yielded a simple building that followed his five points of architecture (peloti, ribbon windows, a roof garden, eject faade, and free plan). The way in which he composes these elements and ultimately how he represents the building are what make this a truly interesting piece of architecture, instead of a place for storing hay (as the building was once utilise). The physical appearance of the building (what it would look like if we were to visit) was an attempt by Corbusier to create a truly mechanistic building, A house is a machine for living in. The building is built in the middl e of a completely flat field, upon which this foreign object glass is placed, described as looking as if a spaceship had landed The building itself contains many of the same elements that one would find in an ocean liner. Elements such(prenominal) as a roof deck, railings and the curvaceous walls of the roof deck which look like the smokestacks of a ship. While these elements help to create Corbusiers desired image the wa... ...sen site were an attempt to privatize architecture. All of the photographs of the building that were taken are of the interior, and the comfortable and private spaces therein. Often the images contain furs, which were intended by Eileen Gray to personalise the experience of looking at a photograph. It was also supposed to, in effect bring the people viewing the photograph into her home. This would give them a feel to experience the building for themselves. This is shown by the very few pictures that are taken of the building as a whole, it isnt about watch ing E-1027 is about experiencing. This is in direct contrast to Corbusiers more voyeuristic beliefs about the visual.Although the visual can be used to many different ends in modern architecture, it is used mostly to sell an idea. In the case of these two architects the ideas were very similar and yet opposite. Corbusier chose to publicize his buildings in order to gain a wide audience, which he felt was important, while Eileen Gray on the other hand chose to publicize the privacy of her building. Both interpretations of the role of the visual in modern architecture are an attempt to sell a particular idea to the public.

Thomas Hardy Essay -- essays research papers

Thomas HardyThomas Hardy, written by Trevor Johnson, is the detailed journey through and through the vivification of one of Englands greatest writers. This biography describes some of the major details of his life such as his family, his education, and his major works.&9Thomas Hardy was natural in 1840 at the Village of Upper Bochampton. He was the child of a country stonemason. Hardy was the third Thomas of his family. His mothers maiden concern was Jemima Hand and she and her husband led Hardy to have an unusually happy childhood. His early years were a seed-bed to his later creative development. His mother knew what real destitution was when she was young because she lost her father. Hardy said she read every book she could lay her hands on and she grew up to be a wo serviceman of ability, judgment, and an capacity that might have carried her to incalculable issues Many thought she was the dominant influence in Hardys life but his father was a man of character also. Even t hough he didnt possess the art of enriching himself by business, he was a fine craftsman, and a lover of music. Hardys family was never poor and he summed up his happy childhood in a tiny lyricShe sat here in her chair,smiling into the awakeHe who played stood there,2Bowing it higher and higher.Childlike, I danced in a dreamBlessings emblazoned that dayEverything glowed with a gleamYet we were looking away&9As a young child, Hardy mastered the violin learning over 100 tunes. He also sang in the Stansford perform every Sunday. It seems to be that Hardy and his parents had a comfortably relationship. In 1867 Hardy met Tryphena Sparks who was 16 and a daughter to a family related to his. She was intelligent and made her nutriment as a teacher. She bore a child in 1868 and Hardy fell deeply in love with her. But in 1872 she broke his tenderheartedness by returning her engagement ring. She then remarried and had two more children before dying in 1890. Tryphena had a great influenc e on his writing. On bunt 7, 1870 Hardy took an architectural trip to a church named St. Juliot. He stayed at the rectory and met the rectors sister-in-law, Emma Lavinia Gifford. She was younger and attractive, and they walked hand in hand through the countryside. They fell half in love and Hardy made many trips back to St. Juliot. In 1874 they were married and proceeded to wander about Europe until they settled in S... ... as the greatest English author of his time. He received an Order of Merit and many doctorates from universities. His achievements stemmed further from writing by receiving two architectural awards. He was even popular enough to get pestered by nosy neighbors.&9His relationships with other writers were few but important. When he was with Florence Ellen Dugdale, his home was a pilgrimage to young writers like, Edmund Blunden, Robert Graves, T.E. Lawrence,, and Siegfried Sassoon. But perhaps the greatest honor he ever received was when he died. His ashes were scat tered in Poets Corner in Westminster Abby next to the great Charles Dickens.Thomas Hardy by Trevor Johnson is a well written, thorough, and late to follow biography. Leaving out only ancestry and condemnation, it provided a upsurge of information on major topics. This book is a good description of Hardy and it is a good research reference. By reading this and The Mayor of Casterbridge it is easy to tie together Hardys life and Michael Henchards. It is clear that Hardy knew of lost love and experienced the surrounding hardships. Thomas Hardy is a good writer and by Trevor Johnsons description, he led a good life.

Heavy Metal Essay -- Art

non-buoyant MetalHeavy Metals popularity is and has been on the rise cod to its many bands and increased guitar technology. Since the mid 1960s, when large(p) surface spread to the U.S. from England, it has grown in popularity. Many of the first bands that came from Europe came with two intentions to spread big(p) metal to other parts of the world, and to make it grow in popularity. (Ragland 1). Heavy metal is a form of rock n roll music played on electric guitars and amplified to unnatural volume levels. Such effects as feedback, distortion, reverb, and Wah Wah pedals are commonly added to the music. These effects create completely novel sounds, exploiting the possibilities of electric guitars. Most heavy metal music is based on death, Satanism, youth, and teenage rebellion. It is broken into lead sub categories speedcore, thrash metal, and death metal. Heavy metal is the general term for these three categories combined. It is often just called metal. Most heavy metal music is based around the electric guitar. (Ragland 1-2). Guitar technology has changed a lot since the beginning of the rock era. In the early 1950s electric guitars were very expensive and had few capabilities. Inventions such as wah wah pedals, fuzz boxes, distortion, reverb, and amplifiers have increased the electric guitars capabilities of making new sounds and music. The new devices have also made rock music more popular. More among the heavy metal population than the many other branches of rock n roll. (Hewens). Heavy metal music grabs a hold of rocks most rudimentary elements youth, rebellion, sex, fantasy, and a good time at all costs. It is directed towards the alienation and trauma that plagues adolescent life, particularly among the lives if teenage boys. They tend to see their lives as controlled by parents and teachers. For many others, it is a way to release frustration and anger. For instance, a heavy metal concert to those who like heavy metal, is not just a musical perfor mance, full of elaborate costumes and settings. It is a community of teenagers who participate in a shared celebration of youth. (Ragland 1-2). Heavy metal tends to be manful-oriented, but metal is not exclusive to the male population. Its basic audiences are dominate by white, male teenagers from criminal backgrounds. Women in heavy metal are usually objects of lust. They are visualized as m... ...icion. Money is what makes the world turn round. Although that is just a saying, it is sensibly quite true. It brings happiness and misery into peoples lives. In Great Expectations, Pip proves to the reader that money can really make a difference in a persons life. In the beginning of the story Pip was not wealthy, he was living in poverty. His manners were not as great as a full-bodied persons, he did not own much of anything, and he was handle bruskly because of that. Joe was not wealthy, and nor was Mrs. Joe. They treated Pip like they would anyone else, as an equal. When he went to Estellas house, she treated him like he was a laboring boy. Just by looking at him, she concluded that she was better than him because he looked poor, and she looked rich. That was the first time Pip didnt look at everyone as an equal. He looked at Estella as being rich, and him being poor. As Pip gets older, he becomes wealthy. He took this for granted and treated the poor as he was once treated so many years ago. He believed that money was power. Estella and Ms Havisham were powerful people through his eyes. He valued to be more like them. As he became a gentleman, he became more like them.

Invention of the Internet Essay

Technology has also been a part of our daily lives. The implementation of technology influences the values of a society by ever-changing expectations and realities. New inventions of technology are usually created to simplify life somehow. One of the greatest inventions in the last hundred years is the internet. The ever expanding internet has revolutionized the guidance Americans live their lives.The internet has a major impact on society and our culture. The internet has completely broken down the borders that our ancestors had. With the internet, everything that we could possibly want is at the hot dog of a button. People can instantly instant message and video chat will people half way across the world. People straightway work from home, shop from home, do everything they possible want from home. But if people do not have access to the internet they cannot compete is this new globular market place of unending ideas.In the beginning, when the internet first came into play Amer icas were startled and amazed by the possibilities of communication that the World broad(a) Web brought. He web is mainly a way that brings people together to communicate. The web is a layer of system upon system (Bowell). The Web is a continual ongoing process. It has never stopped replicating itself or processing since the first day it began. However, even though there many different systems on the web, no website is subject to special rules. The internet has become a sensation all over the world and more people use the internet than in opposite time in history.The internet has been a huge economic boom to our country. We now live in a global market. With the help of the internet, businesses can partake customers worldwide. Many businesses now have websites where customers do not even have to visit the store to buy their products and these companies want your business. The internet has a huge pickax of items to purchase online. More people use the web to shop than ever before in history (bowell).Online shop is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods or operate from a seller in real-time over the internet. (wiki re) A majority of consumers choose online shopping for a faster and more efficient shopping experience. For customers, shopping online can mean less time traveling and lower cost. Many stores offer special sales and discounts to customers who order online. Also, traveling to the store sum that customers can only go during business hours whereby ordering online is more convenient for their schedules. Conveniently, many stores online are available 24 hours a day. Online retailers have seen tremendous jumps in their online earning potential (bowell).Of course there is also disadvantages to online buying. One big disadvantage is the customers concern of how unease it would be to return the item. The customer is not absolutely authoritative that the item they are buying will satisfy and meet their expectations. Sometimes, returning an item can become a hassle and have to wait yearn periods of time to actually get the item in hand. Since the customer cannot see the merchandise they wish to purchase customers are at higher risk of twaddle buy ordering online.Of course, a major concern of consumers is identity fraud. There have been many cases where hackers break into a web site and can slew a customers personal information. One unexpected disadvantage that comes with online shopping is the amount of trash that consumers produce. The more items that people purchase online, the more boxes and packaging they have to score away. This past Christmas, New York show a 20 percent increase in paper recyclables with a parallel increase of 25 percent of online sales.The biggest sound about the internet is social networking. One of the main uses of the internet is for relationships. The internet has revolutionized the way that people communicate with our friends and the world. People used to write letters and send them off the n waited even weeks to get a reply. Now a days, people communicating instantly through instant messaging, video chat, face ledger and e-mails. We can communicate instantly with people all the way across the world.Social networking sites have people set up their own personalizes profile that is expert about them. (These sites help fill in the gap) These sites help everyone stay more in touch with their friends and family. Social networking seems to make the world smaller by manner of speaking everyone together. It helps us realized the way other people live and the cultures that they have (elliot). The social networking that is in place now more closely mimics face-to-face communication than e-mail. We are no longer restricted to rely on people in our neighborhood, church, or workplace to provide the interaction we desire (Hoover all). Social networking services expand the pool of people we have the opportunity to meet to near limitless possibilities (Hoover all). A very new popu lar fad that has become shape to Americans is online dating. More and more people these days are finding their partners online through dating websites.

Employment and Trade Unions Essay

Throughout the study I hand over tried with the best of my capacity to accommodate as much information and relevant issues as possible and tried to follow the instructions as you have suggested. I tried my best to make this report as much informative as possible. I sincerely believe that it will satisfy your requirements. I however sincerely believe that this report will serve the purpose of my course (Industrial Relation). I am grateful to you for your guidance and kind co-operation at every step of my endeavor on this report. My effort will be reworded entirely if it adds value to the investigate literature.Introduction One of the major functions of human resource management is to maintain smooth industrial traffic (IR). It is also treated as one of the oldest functions of HRM. It is essentially allied with the relations between the employer and the workers in the industry (Singh & Kumar, 2011 3). According to Weeratunga (20035) Industrial Relations or Labor Relations, the ter ms used interchangeably, can be viewed as the interaction between the various interested parties involved in employment. The employer and the employee are obvious parties.The state, in ensuring a aim playing field for both sides, provides the sanctioned framework within which such relations may take place. In industrial relations, workers are generally represented by their employment centres make under chapter 13 of Bangladesh Labor Act2006 whereas employers are represented by their associations such as Bangladesh Employers Federation. HR managers mediate the relationships between workers and employers though they are decreed by the representatives of employers. Another related term is Employee Relations.Though both the terms industrial relations and employee relations are structurally analogous (Decenzo& Robbins, 1999 18), employee relations overwhelms, in addition to industrial relations, such aspects as participative management, employee wellbeing, employee development, e mployee compensation, employee protection and health, and the like (Aswathappa, 2008534). Generally industrial relations cover the areas such as trade unions, bodied wading, settlement of industrial disputes, grievance handling procedure, role of government, labor laws, courts and tribunals and role of employers.In the context of developing countries, industrial relations has been influenced by features such as high exploitation of workers, low level of worker mesh in decision making, government and political interferences, high rate of illiteracy of workers, low level of employment, low level of awareness among the laborers regarding sets, laws, and trade unionism, and low labor productivity (Khan &Taher, 2008 222-23). Industrial relations plays an important role in establishing and maintaining industrial democracy (Monappa, 2004 9) and it is the trace to improve productivity in industrial enterprises (Aswathappa, 2004 534).Human resource management can play vital roles in enh ancing cooperative and friendly industrial relations. In Bangladesh, collective bargain on pay between employer and workmen is prohibited in the man sector enterprises as the government designs uniform pay and benefits for the employees of all public sector enterprises (Mahmood, 2008). The limited scope of collective bargaining in the public sector of Bangladesh influences the trade unions to develop network with government, political parties and other powerful bodies in organizing their activities.It hinders effective interactions between the representatives of employers and workers at enterprise level. Though performance based pay is considered to have significant impact on employee performance (Dessler&Varkkey, 2010 15), it is not at all practiced by the public sector enterprises in Bangladesh. As a result, public sector enterprises in Bangladesh have been incurring huge losses. On the other hand, all types of collective bargaining takes place at enterprise level in case of in sular sector enterprises (Khan, 1996).Mahmood (2008) mentioned that the industrial relations passage in the private sector was often disturbed by links between private and public sector unions. Objectives a) To explore the differences between public and private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to overall status of IR. b) To put forward policy implications of overall improvement in IR of Bangladesh. Industrial Relations Studies in Bangladesh Khan (1986) studied industrial relations in Bangladesh with special emphasis on trade unionism. Trade Unions Trade Union is an organization of workers who have bind together to discover common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing the number of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions.An organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. A group of employees in a partic ular sector, whose aim is to negotiate with employees over pay, subcontract security, working hours, etc. using the collective power of the members. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment. Causes of organizing trade unions Provision of benefits to members master key training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. Industrial action Trade unions may enforce claims or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. Political activity Trade unions may promote legislation favourable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole.To this end they may tag campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties. Conditions of employment and any grievances are settled through trade unions. Bargaining rights Trade unions bargain and ensure the status, rights, affiances and demands of workers of t he modern world of industry.Contribution in economical growth Trade unions are growing rapidly in an economy because of the working out of business and economical growth. Objectives Trade unions are the only way to manage, compliant, and control the labour force. Lots of objectives are there to organize trade unions. . To defend or improve the wages and working conditions of workers and to bring about a change in the economic order. 2. To strengthen their (labour) bargaining power collectively to establish and achieve all their rights. 3. To dully protect all other interest of the workers . And from the managements point of view the objectives as written a) To reduce the number of negotiation. b)To posit work rules, disagreements and grievances to give the better solution to workers claim. c) To establish the efficient communication between the employers and management to enforce the predictable standards. ) To enhance the overall organizational effectiveness workers can also be sometimes inspired to form and organize trade union. In fact, objectives of a trade union are not specify rather these are changing according to the need of the economy and overall industry. When these objectives are not settled then the rivals are started History of Trade Unions The Pakistan point (1947-71) -The East Pakistan Trade Unions Act, 1965 was enacted repealing the Trade Unions Act, 1926. -The Labor Disputes Act, 1965 was enacted. -Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 was enacted integrating the above two Acts.Bangladesh Period (1971-onwards) -Government of Bangladesh declared a labor policy in 1972. The right to strike and collective bargaining in the nationalized industries was prohibited for six months by Presidential order no. 55 in May 1972. -In 1973, the right to strike and lockout, as granted by IRO, 1969 was withdrawn. -In 1974 Act completely suspended the democratic rights of workers by prohibiting trade union activities such as strikes, lock-outs, collective ba rgaining. -The military governing of 1975 imposed restrictions on the rights of collective bargaining. The Industrial Relations (Amendment) Ordinance, 1977 liberalized the Rights of Freedom of Association -The Labor Policy of 1980 restored the right to freedom of association to a considerable termination -In 1982 the military regime banned trade union activities, strikes, and right of freedom of association. Limitations In Bangladesh Trade Unions have a lot of unavoidable problems 1. Lack of cognizance Trade union are not actually completely aware about employees legal rights and duties. 2. Lack of Unity In Bangladesh trade unions are uninvolved for political influence. 3.Lack of knowledge The workers of Bangladesh dont have enough knowledge about their rights and duties. 4. Political influence In Bangladesh, trade unions work a part of political parties not as a free right saving association. 5. Division of trade union Bangladesh is a country where every organization has more t rade unions in name only. The overall productivity got down. Suggestions Strengthening bilateral collective bargaining for solving problems quickly and effectively. Multiplicity of trade union creates the rivals in a union. So it must be reduced. Political involvement must be reduced.Organization must support financially as trade unions support the worker. Training programs under trade union should be helpful to develop the skills of the workers. Trade unions function should be increased and widened end-to-end the organization. Union leader must be given importance and encourage the members. If trust between workers and management increases, productivity increases. Management must help and cast trade unions to settle industrial clashes and crisis. Trade unions always should demand reasonable thing to the management. . What is a dispute? Academically speaking, industrial dispute refers to any meshing between employees and employers, between employers and employers and between empl oyers and employees. But in reality, dispute is understood as the conflict between employees and employers.There are three types of Disputes Disciplinary disputes unrighteousness disputes Industrial disputes According to Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, Industrial dispute means any dispute or difference between employers and employers, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the mployment or non-employment or terms of employment or with the conditions of labour of any person. Causes of Industrial Disputes Some of the prominent causes of industrial disputes may be listed thus Employment The list here includes disputes over wages, allowances, bonus, benefits, working, condition, unjust dismissals, retrenchment of workers, methods of hypothecate evaluation, changes in methods of production, non-implement of awards of tribunals, etc.The National Commission on Labor remarked though on majority of occasions industrial disputes were ba sed on claims pertaining to the terms and condition of employment, sometimes economic issues of a general character dominated and, on occasion, purely motives. The causes of industrial disputes can be broadly classified into two categories economic and non-economic causes. The economic causes will include issues relating to compensation like wages, bonus, allowances, and conditions for work, working hours, abjure and holidays without pay, unjust layoffs and retrenchments.The non economic cistrons will include victimization of workers, ill treatment by staff members, sympathetic strikes, political factors, indiscipline etc. Wages and allowancesSince the make up of living index is increasing, workers generally bargain for higher wages to meet the rising cost of living index and to increase their standards of living. In 2002, 21. 4% of disputes were caused by demand of higher wages and allowances.This percentage was 20. 4% during 2003 and during 2004 increased up to 26. 2%. In 2005, wages and allowances accounted for 21. % of disputes. Personnel and retrenchmentThe personnel and retrenchment have also been an important factor which accounted for disputes. During the year 2002, disputes caused by personnel were 14. 1% while those caused by retrenchment and layoffs were 2. 2% and 0. 4% respectively. In 2003, a similar trend could be seen, wherein 11. 2% of the disputes were caused by personnel, while 2. 4% and 0. 6% of disputes were caused by retrenchment and layoffs. In year 2005, only 9. 6% of the disputes were caused by personnel, and only 0. 4% were caused by retrenchment.Indiscipline and violenceFrom the given table, it is evident that the number of disputes caused by indiscipline has shown an increasing trend. In 2002, 29. 9% of disputes were caused because of indiscipline, which rose up to 36. 9% in 2003. Similarly in 2004 and 2005, 40. 4% and 41. 6% of disputes were caused due to indiscipline respectively. During the year 2003, indiscipline accounted for the highest percentage (36. 9%) of the total time-loss of all disputes, followed by cause-groups wage and allowance and personnel with 20. 4% and11. % respectively.A similar trend was observed in 2004 where indiscipline accounted for 40. 4% of disputes. BonusBonus has always been an important factor in industrial disputes. 6. 7% of the disputes were because of bonus in 2002 and 2003 as compared to 3. 5% and 3. 6% in 2004 and 2005 respectively. Leave and working hours Leaves and working hours have not been so important causes of industrial disputes. During 2002, 0. 5% of the disputes were because of leave and hours of work while this percentage increased to 1% in 2003. During 2004, only 0. % of the disputes were because of leaves and working hours. ? MiscellaneousThe miscellaneous factors include Inter/Intra Union Rivalry Charter of Demands Work Load Standing orders/rules/service conditions/safety measures Non-implementation of agreements and awards etc. corporal Bargaining Co llective bargaining includes not only negotiations between the employers and unions but also includes the process of resolving labor-management conflicts. Thus, collective bargaining is, essentially, a recognized way of creating a system of industrial jurisprudence.It acts as a method of introducing civil rights in the industry, that is, the management should be conducted by rules rather than arbitrary decision making. It establishes rules which define and restrict the traditional authority exercised by the management. immenseness to employees ? Collective bar aining develops a sense of self respect and responsibility among the employees. It increases the strength of the workforce, thereby, increasing their bargaining capacity as a group. Collective bargaining increases the morale and productivity of employees.It restricts managements freedom for arbitrary action against the employees. Moreover, unilateral actions by the employer are also discouraged. Effective collective bargainin g machinery strengthens the trade unions movement. The workers feel motivated as they can approach the management on various matters and bargain for higher benefits. It helps in securing a prompt and charming settlement of grievances. It provides a flexible means for the adjustment of wages and employment conditions to economic and technological changes in the industry, as a result of which the chances for conflicts are reduced.Importance to employers 1. It becomes easier for the management to resolve issues at the bargaining level rather than taking up complaints of individual workers. 2. Collective bargaining tends to promote a sense of job security among employees and thereby tends to reduce the cost of labor turnover to management. 3. Collective bargaining opens up the channel of communication between the workers and the management and increases worker participation in decision making. 4. Collective bargaining plays a vital role in settling and preventing industrial disputes.Im portance to society 1. Collective bargaining leads to industrial peace in the country 2. It results in establishment of a harmonious industrial climate which supports which helps the pace of a nations efforts towards economic and complaisant development since the obstacles to such a development can be reduced considerably. 3. The discrimination and exploitation of workers is constantly being checked. 4. It provides a method or the canon of the conditions of employment of those who are directly concerned about them.

Literary Devices Used in Macbe Essay

Imagine how dull a Shakespearean play would be without the ingenious literary devices and techniques that contribute so much to the fulfillment of its reader or viewer. Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is a tragedy that combines fact and legend to tell the story of an eleventh century king. Shakespeare uses numerous fibres of literary techniques to make this sad play more appealing. Three literary devices that Shakespeare uses to make Macbeth more interesting and effective are irony, symbolism, and imagery. One technique that Shakespeare uses is irony.Verbal irony is when a acknowledgment says one thing but means the opposite. When a reader understands the irony of what a character is saying, then he can truly understand the genius and intentions of the character. An example of verbal irony is when Macbeth says to Banquo, Tonight we hold a solemn supper, sir,/ And Ill request your presence (Macbeth 3. 1. 13-14). The reader soon discovers that Banquo never makes it to the banquet because he is brutally murdered by order of Macbeth. Shakespeare also uses situation irony. This occurs when the results of an action or event are different than what is expected.An example of situation irony occurs when Macduff dialogue to Malcolm and discusses the tragedies that are taking place in Scotland. Without knowing that his own family has been slain Macduff says, Each new morn/ New widows howl, new orphans cry, new sorrows/ Strike enlightenment on the face (4. 3. 4-6). Ironically, Macduff comments about widows, while he is completely unaware that he is a widower himself. Irony, a key element to a tragic play like Macbeth, has the ability to make the tragic hero appear more villainous or the down-fall seem even more tragic.The second type of literary device that Shakespeare uses in Macbeth is symbolism. The predominant symbol is stock certificate and is used as an effective method to describe the theme of the play. Not only does blood symbolize bravery, it is also a me ans of showing treachery and treason and probably most importantly, guilt. One example of bravery occurs when the captain says, For brave Macbeth? sanitary he deserves that name/Disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel,/Which smoked with bloody execution(1. 2. 16-18). Soon after this blood changes into a representation of treachery and treason. skirt Macbeth asks the spirits to Make duncish my blood,/ Stop up th access and passage to remorse (1. 5. 43-44). She asks the spirits to take away compassion and make her remorseless for the actions she is about to take. Also, when Ross asks, Ist know who did this more than bloody operation? (2. 4. 22), he tries to figure out who performed the disloyal act of murdering the king. Blood is also used many times to express the guilty consciences of the characters. For instance, Macbeth says, What hands are here? Ha They pluck out mine own eyes / Will all great Neptunes ocean flop the blood/ Clean from my hand? (2. 3. 58-60). Macbeth o bviously feels guilty for killing Duncan in cold blood. Later in the play, Lady Macbeth reveals her guilt while sleepwalking. She walks through the rook carrying a candle. She often sits the candle down and begins to rub her hands as if she is trying to wash them. In her somber state, she cries out What need we fear who knows it, when no(prenominal) can call our powr to accompt? Yet who would have thought the old man to have so much blood in him? (5. 1. 38-41). Lady Macbeth feels as though she cannot wipe clean her blood stained hands.This is a bit ironic since earlier she told Macbeth, A little water clears us of this deed (2. 2. 66). Lady Macbeth has many dreams and fantasies about blood, which shows that she cannot clear her conscience of this brutal act. Another literary technique that is used in Macbeth is word imagery. Word imagery is a term for a metaphor, a comparison that does not use the words like or as. One of the best examples of this is clothing imagery. For instance , Ross tells Macbeth that he has been named Thane of Cawdor, and Macbeth says, The Thane of Cawdor lives.why do you dress me in/ Borrowed robes? (1. 3. 108-109). Macbeth asks why Ross is telling him this. This title is like new clothes to him, but this title and these clothes should still belong to the condition Thane of Cawdor. Another example of clothing imagery occurs when Macbeth tells his wife that he has second thoughts of killing Duncan. He says, I have bought/ Golden opinions from all sorts of people,/ Which would be wearied now in their newest gloss (1. 7. 32-34). Lady Macbeth thinks he is being irrational. Macbeth knows that he is the center of attention now because he saved the country.He also knows that if he kills Duncan everyone would be more interested in the death of their king than in their hero, Macbeth. Shakespeares deform reveals that he knew how to make a play a work of art. Through his use of irony, symbolism, and imagery he is able to grab the reader or th e viewers attention and keep it. These elements have contributed to the endurance of his working for centuries, and they will help it to endure for centuries to come. Without the use of these techniques, Macbeth would not be the tragic play that it is. This play would lack very important methods that help idealize the characters in the play.

Obsessions and the Downfall It Brings Upon Life

Obsessions and the Downfall(a) it Brings Upon support What is the first involvement that comes to consciousness when some peerless speaks of regression? For most heap it is the fixation with media or someone with no life, or maybe both. Inside almost incessantlyy single persons mind is someone or something they ar fervent astir(predicate). Not only when when atomic number 18 they passionate ab expose it, they are obsessed. So frequently that they are unconscious that their fixation be unreliable to themselves as well as others. In Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov, Perfume by Patrick Sus genial and Obsession by DaMoyre, they all express various stories of obsession, but they all mainly name the stageually(prenominal) c at a timept.Their obsession is what brings the downfall of themselves, as well as the surrounded environment they are in. For example, in Lolita the downfall is that Humbert does non know that he is universe taken advantage of when Lolita asks for hi s money, same with Obsession, the young girl in the story is too naive to scour care or know that she is cosmos taken advantage for her body, non her looking ats or personality. Finally in Perfume, it is evident that monastic order would view Grenouille as someone with no life. His life and perfume are all that he cares for and surrounds himself with.For example, if Grenouille smelt a desirable lift on someone, he would do anything to get that flavour flat if he had to harm that person. This demonstrates that he is so tormented with his obsession that he has no care or sympathy for anyone. The agonists in Lolita, Perfume and Obsession are unmindful(predicate) that their obsession is non only hurting themselves, but hurting others too. They may interpret the obsession as a sign of love, but company views it differently. What does fiat view it as? Society has a book of rules, and being overly obsessed is viewed negatively and as a huge trouble.Also, since obsession nomi nate often be monstrous as love, it is soft for great deal to fall into that trap and become victims to that problem. In the three literatures, Lolita, Perfume and Obsession, they all surround on the theme of obsession. In Lolita, it is a story of a man Humbert Humbert, who develops a unvoiced interest in young girls or in his words, nymphets. He started having a fixation with young girls ever since his love as a young teenager left him. From there his obsession with nymphets continued, until his one love Lolita completely took over his life.At this point, Humbert Humbert was go a expressive styleing to give her all she wanted, whether it was material things or money. In Perfume, a different large-minded of obsession kicked in. As a young boy, Jean-Baptiste Grenouille did non father a poke this solely had the biggest impact on his life. As he grew older it was something he desperately enormoused for, as a lack of scent was give odd and unusual in his society. He was aband oned many judgment of convictions when he was a child, non due to his attitude or his behaviour, but due to his lack of smell. Through this experience, he developed a strong obsession of getting certain scents and perfumes.Eventually he learned the art of perfumery and mastered techniques that no one had done before. However, what was unexpected was the limits he was leave behinding to cross to reach his goal til now limits same(p) murder. Finally, in Obsession, the story is about(predicate) a girl who is completely in love with her man, over again willing to do anything for him. She in ways many may non understand the words she uses are almost abstract in art. Her obsession is her weakness, even out her man knows it and this is what leads to her downfall. He uses her weakness as an advantage and uses it for his own wants and desires, mainly his sexual desires.When something is unnatural, it means it is altered with. For example, when we pose for a photo it is unnatural so making the picture look a bit odd to how one sees the world. In Lolita, what is so unnatural about the obsession of the protagonist, Humbert, is the huge age porta betwixt Lolita and him. The cause for Humberts obsession is one of his earlier lovers Annabel. She died from a disease called Typhus, which made him long for that feeling of love again. He attempts to experience that kind of love again and as he grows older, however his mentality and maturity quieten remained the same.Unlike most people, Humbert does non move on to the future. Instead he makes himself deal he is staying exactly where he used to be emotionally. But physically, he is a man of old age, which makes his want for nymphets very disturbing to society. Then, when Humbert met Lolita, he matte like he had found true love again and was willing to do anything to be with her. For example, when Lolitas mother Charlotte Haze threatens Humbert with marriage or the moment is that he has to leave their house, Hum bert ultimately sacrifices his own freedom to be with Lolita. Mrs. Haze had left half an hour before, and getting Lo instead, I told her I was going to marry her mother. I had to repeat it twice because something was preventing her from giving me her attention (Nabokov 72). Humbert tells Lolita that he is going to tie the knot with her mother. He is not only doing this to prevent himself from being kicked out, but because he wanted to be able to see Lolita e actually solar day. Not only are his actions sacrificial, they also cause Humbert to lose his liberty, dignity and most importantly himself.Losing freedom could be compared to being locked in a prison house reason being is that both result in lost of free will or choice. From Lolitas end, it is very obvious she does not seem to care at all about the marriage. Humbert says, I had to repeat it twice because something was preventing her from giving me her attention (Nabokov 72). Marriage was, is and always will be a special event in bothbodys life. However it seems like Lolita was purposely not paying attention and not caring, which gives a clew that she may not feel the same way as Humbert does about her.Near the end of the novel, Humbert due to his unnatural obsession goes insane when he finds out that Lolita had other lover behind his back. On his way to kill Quilty he puts on black clothes, I was wearing a black suit, a black shirt, no tie, the classic western villain (Quin 1998). Humbert was willing to murder for the love of his life, which society would regard as disgust. Though his love was strong for her, his actions went too far. butcher is a sin and an illicit action that is strongly condemned.In Perfume, what is so odd about Grenouilles obsession is that he is fixated with something he longs for. Just like Humbert longed for the feeling of young love, Grenouille longed for the scent he never had. His childhood memories consisted of being passed along and abandoned because he lacked something e ssential that eachone else in society had. Because of this, he developed a twisted obsession with scents. Also, it encouraged him to strive towards making the ultimate perfume to satisfy and try to fit in society. Just like Humbert, there was nought anyone could do to stop him even murder.Although Humbert, Grenouille and Anonymous stories have the same concept of unnatural obsession, they all have perspectives of different kinds of obsessions. For Humbert, his story may be disturbing due to the age gap, Grenouilles is disturbing because he is obsessed with a chemical, and finally Anonymous is disturbing because she represents someone with no future and life. Life is a big part of us, and that is wherefore these characters are considered abnormal in society. Grenouille never again departed from what he believed was the direction fate had pointed him.It was clear to him why he had clung to life so tenaciously, so savagely. He must become a creator of scents. And not just an averag e one. But, rather, the greatest perfumer of all time (Suskind 44). It is evident that Grenouille is committed to his life goal. He wanted to be the God of scents, the creator, and the boss. He did not want anything else in life, which to society may seem odd. For example, since people are so used to seeing what is normal/typical, when they see a person with a disability they often stare at what is out of the norm. The same thing applies for people with and without unnatural obsessions.Society would treat people with obsessions like they are odd, and even outcast them. But what is the comment of normal and does it apply to everyone? The truth is that the definition of normal differs for everyone. Once again, society has a book of rules and the predetermined definition of normal is a person who has all their body parts, no disabilities, and strives for similar goals in life like success in areas of love, school, work, and their social life. However, Grenouilles actions do not fall i n the category of normal, thereof regarding him as unnatural and irregular. If Grenouille is the gunman of the novel, his obsessions are also its informing presence (Ackroyd 1986). Grenouilles obsession is so strong, that it could be considered as another person, another living thing, but of course that is what makes it so unnatural. In Obsession, the protagonist who might as well be Anonymous is a young girl who is naive and clueless around the nature of love, therefore she falls in love with the wrong guy. In offspring, he does nothing but secretly use her for his own sexual desires, showing a very selfish act.She never realizes the truth about his feelings and continues to mourn for him even after he leaves her. An obsessive mind, a morbid romantic, struggling between fantasy and creation I dreamed of love (DaMoyre). The protagonist is aware of her state of tormented mind, but she is unaware of the fact that it is unhealthy for her to keep opinion about him. there are more important things for her to worry about such as work, her social life and school. Her love for her boyfriend is so deep but the problem is that he does not feel the same way.When their relationship does end, the boyfriend moves on but she stays in the same spot, looking for her next work. Her obsessive mind does not cure, she just longs for more love, passion and inevitably pain. Although her obsession may not be as odd as Humberts or Grenouilles, it is still considered an unnatural obsession to society. The term obsession refers to images, ideas, or words that force themselves into the subjects consciousness against their will, and which momentarily deprive them of the ability to think and sometimes even to act (Hayat 2005).The word obsessed is something we use in our everyday vocabulary especially in the teenage community. What we do not realize is that the word means much more than intended, just like the word gay is. These words have become trends, but they should be taken more seriously because true obsessions can be a disorder. People who are overly obsessed, especially with unordinary things should not be ignored, as it can be a serious problem. For example, Anonymous is unaware that her obsession is hurting anybody, therefore she continues and lets other take advantage of her.All three literature works are based around an obsession we do not usually encounter or hear about and because of that, the protagonists do not notice that they are harming themselves physically, emotionally, and also the people around them. In todays world, being isolated is the worst thing because we are educated that isolation causes us to be narrow-minded and not see the other side of the world. In Lolita, Humbert isolates himself from society, especially when he meets young Lolita. He thinks old women are disgusting hags, even if in reality they are beautiful women.He isolates himself from other things in society that he should be doing. For example, most thirty year old men are trying to fulfill their goals in work or family, but Humberts only goal and focus is unlike others around his age a young innocent girl. I think I had better describe her salutary away, to get it over with. The poor lady was in her middle thirties, she has a shiny forehead, plucked eyebrows and quite simple but not attractive features of a type that may be defined as a weak solution of Marlene Dietrich (Nabokov 37). From what Humbert speaks of, it is fair to draw the conclusion that he is turned off by older woman.The reason being is since his first young love, he has isolated himself from other selections that may suit him better. For example, if a child had a choice of chocolate, vanilla extract and strawberry ice cream, but could only choose vanilla because he believed chocolate and strawberry were poisonous, he is then isolating himself from something he could potentially be enjoying. The same concept goes for Humbert, since isolation is consuming his life, he does not se e the enjoyment in life that others in society may. And because of that, he is unaware that he is isolating himself and also Lolita along with him.Lolita is all he ever thinks about which would prevent other thoughts that he could be thinking about, such as What do I want to become? or Do I love Lolita, or the childhood memories of Annabel? However, Humbert does not realize this and goes on being blind to what is happening to him. Lolita, on the other hand, is all colour. Humbert thinks of her as a little ghost in natural colours and as the beautiful warm coloured prey (Quin 1998). As already stated, it is obvious Humbert spends a little too much time thinking about Lolita, and making her thousands of different meaningful poems about her.In Perfume, it is even more obvious than Humbert that he isolates himself. In Grenouilles case, he has to work hard to get to his goal. At first when he is learning to incorporate different ingredients and natural scents into his perfume experime nts, he discloses himself from anyone and everyone. He concentrates and focuses on the perfumes and nothing else, thus hiding himself from society. After a few weeks Grenouille had mastered not only the name of all the odours in Baldinis laboratory, but he was also able to record the formulas for his perfumes and other scented products. And not merely thatOnce he learned to express his fragrant ideas in drops and drams, he no longer needed the intermediate step of experimentation (Suskind 92). All the skills and methods he learned and mastered in perfumery took him a lot of time, which resulted in isolation once again. He isolates himself in the laboratory to test his experiments, discover parvenue methods to preserve scents, and come up with new aromas to put on himself. To skip an intermediate step in experimentation is probably Grenouilles biggest achievement, and if one were to predict how long he spent doing so, it would be days after days of isolation from society.Of course, society does not view this as normal behavioural traits. Nonetheless what does the society book of rules say about isolation? For one it states that one needs their own time alone, but only briefly. If isolation happens, there is definitely a problem developing. You cannot have both love and life to demand both is to come to a grisly end (Prescott 1986). In Grenouilles case, this is what he thinks but is reality like that? many successful people out there have both a life and love it is not a big deal to balance the essentials in your life.For example Hilary Duff is now known as a worldwide singer and actress, she gets along with her family fine and although she just broke up with a long time boyfriend, she is not sad about it she does not isolate herself because she has a job to do make music for the world to hear. In Obsession, Anonymous isolates herself thinking about her lover, just like Humbert does. All throughout the poem, instead of expressing her feelings of the world aro und her, she talks constantly about her lover and how she misses him. A trap, a cage, prison of death underground (DaMoyre).She expresses herself trapped in a cage just like being in a prison of death underground. She is being suffocated like a prison underneath his love and she pulls him with her. She is isolated from society, and as a teenager she is supposed to have a future for herself, but apparently does not seem to have one. Again, she is aware of herself being isolated and isolating her lover, but what she is unaware of is that it is unhealthy to both her and her lover. Instead of keeping him by her side, knowing he is not cheating or whatever she is trying to prevent, she is making their relationship go downhill.What is the difference between love and obsession? Love is when you are passionate about something or someone and appreciate them for what they are. Obsession on the other hand is love except it is on an extreme level in which that something or someone is the only t hough in your mind, the only thing in your life. There is a thin line between love and obsession, and it is very easy to mix the two around and maybe possibly mistaken one for the other. Humbert thinks of Lolita as a lover, and would probably never classify himself of having an obsession with her.Most people are unaware that they are crossing the line just because it is hard for them to distinguish the difference. Humbert has been a person trapped in an obsessed world all his life, even with his first love Annabel. They were young and naive and therefore experimenting with young love, but even when she died he had memories of her. He never threw away those memories until he met Lolita. For most people, although it is tender to have someone you loved pass away, but one would mourn over it, and then move on because there are bigger things out there in this world. However Humbert did not seem to believe this. Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta (Nabo kov 9). Among the first few lines of the book, it feels like Humbert just stepped over the line to obsession because books usually start pleasantly setting the image for the reader. However he displays a selfish impression and talks about his love without being kind to the reader and explaining what is going on. Oftentimes, people would say, I love ice cream or I really love this song, but do we really mean it? Do we really love that song? Sometimes it so happens we do, but people are misusing the word love.What does love mean by the societys book of rules? Well for one, it is a word that is mainly used for a person that you have been in a relationship for some time. It only makes sense to use it for someone you truly care about, not something that is just going to be another phase in life. But that is when obsession kicks in, once you truly love someone it is really close to becoming that obsession you never wanted to encounter. The definition of obsession is just a step high than love it is not that far away which is why obsession is taking over the protagonists in the three literature works so easily. Humbert refers to Lolitas tender, mysterious, impure, indifferent, drop eyes and to the smoother, tender bloom of her (Pifer 1999). It is obvious that as lovers, it is nice when one compliments another to make them feel better and have a day full of enjoyment. But Humber again goes far out on it, and describes her like shes a flower or animal that he uses for pleasure. He describes Lolita as the love of his life, but does he really love her or is it more than that? He does not just love her, he is obsessed and it is evident that not even he can stop himself.But because he is so obsessed, he is treating Lolita in a way that a young girl should not be treated like, he is making her experience things she should not be experiencing until she is a fully grown adult. Of course due to his desire to satisfy his sexual wants, he does not care about anything else, jus t Lolita and her tender young body. Instead of relationship, Grenouille in Perfume has a strong passion to search for the perfect scent since he was deprived of a human odour. It is true that most people have a strong passion for something.For example Craig Kielburger had a passion for constituent others, which is why when he was only at the age of ten saw a newspaper about poor families in Africa, and desperately wanting to help, created a well-known organization Free the Children. When one is passionate about something, they will do whatever it takes to reach their goal. This is what Grenouille is like, but instead of being just passionate about something, he becomes obsessed which is how he brings the downfall upon himself as well as others. As his obsession grew deeper and developed stronger, he brought the downfall of others by murdering them one by one for their odour.When he was born and knew he was different from what the rest of society was like, he stepped over the line t o obsession. He spent a majority of his life in the lab just trying to reach his ultimate goal, was creating the perfect scent doable? What does society view the word perfect as? The word perfect is used in our everyday vocabulary, but again it is misused as the word love is misused. Nobody is perfect is the famous say you hear, because it is true, we were created as human beings to sin and make mistakes, so knowing this, it is true Grenouilles goal is unreachable. As he came out onto the street, he was suddenly afraid, for he knew that for the first time in his life he was giving off a human odor (Suskind 151). He creates a human odour for himself so he can finally fit into society and be a normal person, but is that what he is? Throughout the whole book he seemed so desperate to find that scent that he was obsessed and over driven about it, that in the end trying to be normal is not normal. It was the insolent odor of the approaching day, of the first daybreak that he had ever known in freedom. That odor had been the pledge of freedom.It had been the pledge of a different life. The odor of that break of day was for Grenouille the door of hope. He guarded it carefully. And he drank it daily (Suskind 129). Grenouille now was so in love, so obsessed with odours and scents that he guarded it like it was money. In every society, money seems to be the base of everything, it meant power and high status, however, Grenouille does not care. In his world it seems that perfume is everything, scent is everything and having an odour is everything. He is so unaware that he does whatever it takes to fit in society, even committing the act of murder.Does Grenouille just love his job as a perfumer or is he infatuated to believe that he had to prove to everyone that he is just like everyone else? As Perfume continues, a story of a murderer, he becomes insanely obsessed, crazy and mad to murder every woman who had the scent he was looking for that instead of working hard to be successful, he murders to come to his success. Throughout the whole story of the poem Obsession, the protagonist thinks she is in love with her lover and that she cannot live without him because she loves him so much. What she may not realize is that she has crossed the border of love and into her obsession.Her unawareness makes he think that it is a norm for over love for another in a relationship. The truth is love is a complex thing, but not as complex as she depicts it as. And thought, His face shall be my last vision when I die (DaMoyre). She pictures her future but not about how happy she will be and how successful she will be, but that the image of her lovers face will be her last vision. If anything is obsessive, this statement she makes wins it all. Anonymous is young and she is inexperienced, because of that she has no idea what she is doing, and all the things she does not notice herself doing.However the things she does not notice such as her unawareness of obsession seems all a little unrealistic although it does happen. A love relationship is something that should not be complex especially at a young age, because it takes away from the important things such as family, friends and school. In the poem, it does not mention anything about her family, friends or education her world only consists of herself and her lover. As the definition of obsession was stated before, her life fits exactly into the definition.She is not exposed to society but since her lover does not even love her, he might tell his friends about the story, and his friends posing as society would look at her an insane and mad human being since she is again viewed as someone who is not normal. Instead of making her boyfriend love her, she makes him dislike her more and more which will hurt herself in return because she suffocates him emotionally so much. Unawareness is not only causing ones emotional distress over the differences between love and obsession, it causes them to not even realize the condition they are in such as isolation and a strong unnatural love.Humberts unnatural love in Lolita is finding girls too young for him, he works hard detaching himself from society thinking about Lolita and not conscious that he is possessed by thoughts about her. A similar thing happens to Grenouille in Perfume, he detaches once again himself from society for society, in other words his aim to reach the goal of the perfect scent is to satisfy societys outlook on him and to fit in it as well. He becomes obsessed unknowingly, but because his obsession is so twisted and odd, society views him as someone who is different.Finally in Obsession, Anonymous is unaware that her love for her lover is pushing him farther instead of closer. In all these literature works, one thing they have in common is that their obsession hurts others as well as themselves physically and emotionally and they are unconscious of it happening. Because of that, the characters suffer thinking t hat they are square(p) others but in reality, they are just hurting them which is opposite of what they wanted to do in the first place. Thus being unaware of the problem is worse than being conscious of it. In terms of obsession vs. ove, there isnt a major difference in the three characters because they all cannot distinguish between the two. However there is some kind of difference to when readers discover their unawareness. For example, Humbert only had obsession in his life since his first love in his life, and for Grenouille, it started when he agnize people were abandoning him due to his lack of smell. Finally, for Anonymous, it all starts when her boyfriend leads her on and she falls for the trap of his invisible love. Obsession does not only exist in storybooks, but they also exist in the real world.Its happened to young kids, teenagers and adults. Lets face it, it has happened to the vast majority of everyone. First, learning that your inspiration is a person or object, and then loving them so much, one would do anything to fulfill their desire associated with them. Finally, obsession rises and nothing can stop their love for that person or object. For example, a Chinese actor named Andy Lau had an obsessive fan. It seems nothing out of the ordinary but this particular obsessive fan had a father as a reporter and demanded to get a signature and photo from her favourite actor.However, when the father failed to do so, not only was he foil, but he was so disappointed and did not want to disappoint her daughter he committed suicide. The moral of the story the media brain washes us into thinking that being the rich and the famous is the only goal in life thus why obsession exists today. Humbert, Grenouille and Anonymous are just like the daughter and father have an unawareness of their obsession with something or someone leads them to their downfall.The story also proves that an obsession of one person does not just affect themselves, it affects the pe ople they care for and the people that they influence everyday. kit and caboodle Cited Ackroyd, Peter. Patrick Suskind. present-day(a) Literary Criticism. 1986. Adams, Robert M. Patrick Suskind. Contemporary Literary Criticism. 1986. Barber, Charles. The brain a mindless obsession. The Wilson Quarterly 32. 1 (Wntr 2008) 32(13). General OneFile. Gale. Markham Public Libraries (CELPLO). 26 May 2008 . Hayat, Marc. Psychoanalysis Obsession. king-size Print Press 24 May 2008 .Pifer, Ellen. His monstrosity, his nymphet Nabokov and Mary Shelley. New York Cambridge University Press , 1999. Prescott, Peter S. Patrick Suskind. Contemporary Literary Criticism. 1986. Simon, Schama. Patrick Suskind. Contemporary Literary Criticism. 1986. Quin, John D.. Nabokovs World. New York Penguin Books, 1998. Updike, John. Patrick Suskind. Contemporary Literary Criticism. 1986. Annotated Bibliography Ackroyd, Peter. Patrick Suskind. Contemporary Literary Criticism. 1986. This author writes his op inion on Patrick Suskinds novel, Perfume.It is written in an encyclopedia format where they critique an authors works. In this critique he describes the setting and idea of Perfume that its a story about odour and the whole surprising fact that Jean-Baptiste Grenouille does not have a scent at all. I took a quote from this authors critique and it helped proved my point which was that Grenouilles obsession is so strong that it has a separate presence. It is relevant to my essay because my thesis is to prove that they are unaware of the characters obsessions. Hayat, Marc. Psychoanalysis Obsession. Large Print Press 24 May 2008 .The author is writing what the definition of obsession is in an online journal and article. Many people are not aware of what obsession is because everyone may have a different definition. However, society will always portray one definition of obsession so I took a quote that defined the way society viewed obsession. It is relevant to my essay because one of m y communication channels is obsession vs. love. Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher. Nabokovs World. New York Penguin Books, 1998. Christopher Lehmann-Haupt wrote a very long and intriguing critique on Perfume, however I found no use for it.It talked a lot about how we feel sympathy for Grenouilles character because he was born destined to have no scent and to ultimately be a killer. It didnt really help me because it didnt support my thesis nor any of my arguments. Pifer, Ellen. His monster, his nymphet Nabokov and Mary Shelley. New York Cambridge University Press , 1999. This author compares the monster in Mary Shelleys book Frankenstein to Vladimir Nabokovs novel Lolita. In the comparison, she describes Humbert indirectly as a person who may be questionable about his love for Lolita. He almost describes her like an object or animal in the quote I found.It is relevant to my essay because it fits right in to my argument of obsession vs. love and whether or not he knows the line between it. Quin, John D.. Nabokovs World. New York Penguin Books, 1998. This author talked a lot about Humberts obsession with nymphets. He talked about Humberts feelings when he went and decided to kill Lolitas other lover. I took a quote from it which described how far Humbert was willing to go for love. This source is relevant to my essay because it shows the unnatural obsession of Humbert which is again one of my arguments.

Police and the Use of Excessive Force Essay

The uptake of excessive draw and quarter by jurisprudence organizations around the world as a crime defend mechanism has been widely criticized and debated for m all years. Many ask, what exactly is excessive force? What causes an officer to use excessive force and is it justified? There is much ambiguity when it comes to closureing such questions. Your perception will undoubtedly create your expectation and too many times ones failure to acknowledge, the other slope of the story, causes a misperception. How big of a role do the media play in portraying law use of excessive force as fair or unnecessary? These are all valid questions that will be voice communicationed in this analysis as well as what is being done to address the situation. We begin with the definition of excessive force as provided by the International Association of Chiefs of Police, excessive force is the amount of effort required by natural law to compel compliance by an unwilling suspect (Police use of Force, 2009). That is, police will turn to excessive force when an private has been uncooperative. Some argue that the polices most defining feature is their capacity to use coercive force (Katz & Walker, 2008).Police use of force may include physical force as well as the power to arrest, but most importantly the power to use deadly force. It is important to keep in mind that on that point are laws set in place to limit the amount of force an officer uses, including excessive force. Such laws keep up allowed for better policing practices and an improved police/ corporation relationship. Although police use of excessive force still arises from time to time, the number of incidents has dropped dramatically over the years. According to a study done in the years 1999 and 2000 of calls for service, force was used by police in less than one percent of the calls (Police use of Force, 2009). In actuality, the police spend most of their shift circumstances their community as peacekeepers aswell as helping others. So what drives a sworn police officer to use excessive force? The answer to this question is not a aboveboard one, and rightfully so. Some argue that discrimination, stereotyping and the environment in which an officer may patrol hobo contribute to the use of excessive force. People call the police because they want an officer to settle a problem to arrest someone, to get someone to silence down, or to have someone removed from the home (Katz & Walker, 2008).In other words, police are constantly put in volatile situations where the people they are dealing with can become a danger to the officer who is responding to a call and there is no telling what someone might do at any disposed moment. Often times when an officer has been dispatched to a scene, particularly an altercation, tempers are already flaring and what would normally be a situation calling for a simple mediation performed by the officer can easily escalate to the citizen resisting arrest f or fear of going to jail, not knowing that the police is just trying to calm down the individual in order to assist with the situation more accurately. Situations like these are all too common and police can feel very much unappreciated and a sense of disrespect on behalf of those they serve. This frustration often times lead to a small number of officers easily losing their temper when confronting citizens in future instances. It must be pointed out that such instances are rare, but still do arise from time to time. As a retired police lieutenant reflecting on his career put it, The majority of cops were good, hardworking, conscientious individuals.They cared, and they wanted to do a good job. But there were enough copsnot one rotten apple, but several rotten applesto give law enforcement the taint it had received ((Retired), 2000). The media, which include movies, television shows, and news organizations, have a solidification of power when it comes to portraying the police as g ood or evil. Given the considerable ambiguity that surrounds the issue, whether police use of force is presented as police ferociousness and whether brutality is understood as a problem depend greatly upon which voices and views the media emphasize (Lawrence, 2000). It is the media who determine what the general creation learns about street cops daily mother with criminals and the underclass, as well as what the middle-class public learns about other groups experiences with police (Lawrence, 2000). A perfect example is the famous reality television program, Cops, where camera crewsparticipate in ride-along assignments and capture real life drama from the police officers viewpoint. News headlines are one of the most, if not the most, influential media forms influencing public opinion and attitude towards law enforcement.As the lawyer for a Miami policeman acquitted in the shooting death of a black motorcyclistan acquittal that stirred off days of riotingindignantly told reporter s, If the headlines read, Twice-convicted drug dealer shot while trying to run over officer, there wouldnt have been any riots (Lawrence, 2000). So the question arises, what is being done to address the situation with police use of excessive force? History has shown that policing systems and strategies can and do change. One focal point the situation has been dealt with in recent years is with the creation of local citizen oversight groups where complaints by citizens are reviewed to determine whether the action taken by the officer towards the individual filing the complaint was caused by a lack of policy, or a bad policy, on behalf of the police department in which case a recommendation for a new policy is sent to the department.Another way that police departments are dealing with the situation is by mounting video recorders on patrol cars as well as working with the local media and using them as a way of checks and balances. There is also the case for higher education for polic e officers. The subject matter of higher education as a requirement for police officers is a hot debate topic today. Study has shown that higher improve cops receive fewer complaints than those with less education (Victor E. Kappeler, 1992).Works Cited(Retired), L. A. (2000). From the Inside Looking Out. In J. Nelson, Police Brutality (p. 265). New York Norton. Katz, C. M., & Walker, S. (2008). The Police In America. New York McGraw-Hill. Lawrence, R. G. (2000). The government activity of Force. Los Angeles University of California Press. Police use of Force. (2009, August 04). Retrieved March 19, 2010, from National Institute of Justice web site http//www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/topics/law-enforcement/use-of-force/welcome.htmnote1 Victor E. Kappeler, D. C. (1992). Police Officer Higher Education, Citizen Complaints, and departmental Rule Violation. American Journal of Police , 37-54.

Comment of the effectiveness to the novel Essay

There are many stories conveyed in chapter 3, some stories are more undischarged than others. The most obvious tosh is that of Joes, as he is the narrator of the novel. Joes story follows one that is direct to his perception. This presents the reader with a biased account of what happened, and separately subjects behaviour as it is based primarily on Joes interpretation. Following on from this idea , there is a sense of scepticism introduced into the readers mind, it casts seeds of doubt on the story Joe is telling, it makes it seem distorted through Joe.In chapter 3 the reader is introduced to a primitive, or selfish sight to Joes nature, this is presented through the referral to Joes needs, non Clarissas or anyone elses but simply Joes, I couldnt yet bear to talk closely it. Through Joes story many others are told, those of his past and the present and these stories engulf the reader into how McEwan incorporates characters, informs of their life and background, while doing this creatively, subtly.Joe tells a story of his past, a story of humiliation and nervousness, this story is full of emotions, it re-emphasises the legal separation Joe has made from his emotions over the years, or rather that if an event occurs at the present, emotions are stripped away from it, until it becomes bearable, and therefore in the past. Clarissa has been in the background of the story, only becoming important through Joes thoughts, now however she becomes a focal point in chapter 3.This is captured in the explanation or Joe and Clarissa throughout the duration of the chapter, Joe is the narrator, therefore the other crux of the chapter is clearly Clarissa. Clarissa is described to be doing the necessary practical things at the beginning of this chapter, as is Joe, such(prenominal) as they are doing jobs that must be done when returning home, Clarissa carried her luggage into the bedroom . Joe initially separates his story from Clarissas, giving her more focus and exc essively detachment from him, his guilt and therefore emotions.Clarissa is portrayed from the opening of the novel to be a character able to feel and understand her emotions, contrastingly to Joes nature. Clarissa is a character who forms attachments, due to her emotional and caring attributes, that exist as part of her. Clarissa is haunted by the tragedy that she cannot have children, this provides the reader with a sense of sympathy for Clarissa, it also uncovers another element of Clarissas background.This can be transferred to the way in which Clarissa focuses on the death of Logan, and his children being left alone. This element of the novel creates scepticism for both Joe and Clarissa, The reader doubts Joes ability to be unbiased, while the reader is sceptical of Clarissas ability to control and segment her emotions, what is extended in this idea is that Clarissa blames Joe for her softness to have children, she resents him for not giving her the one thing that lingers in he r mind, the one thing the twain of them together cannot overcome.This is depicted in the novel through the repeating and reference to Logan being a good man, He had children of his own, He wouldnt let go. This phrase used by McEwan can infer that Clarissa thinks Joe is not a good man because he let go of the rope, and this is due to him not having an emotional attachment to children, as they cannot have any together. Within the two main stories, that are Joe and Clarissas there come sub-stories, tales that reiterate and construct experiences for the characters.Within Joes story we receive Clarissas but also Jeds. Jed is depicted as that of a manipulative yet religious man, although in chapter 3 the reader is only building knowledge of him, it is clear that Jed ultimately indulges a newborn story. Cotrastingly Clarissa brings in the story of a friend, someone she knows and trusts, Majorie becomes introduced to the story as a friend of Clarissas who lost a young baby through a bac terial infection, while this increases the wealther of knowledge of Clarissa, it also provides the information of Majorie.The combination of Joe and clarissas stories result in background tales of Logan, and his family. While they also divulege into their past, their experiences, Joes interlude of contend a trumpet on stage, a story of humiliation and embarrassment. Clarissas story of conern, anticipation and childhood naivety developed through the channel of a girl going missing whilst on holiday.

The Return: Midnight Chapter 35

Elena felt as if she had been doing nothing in al her life to a greater extentover walk infra a shady canopy of high branches. It wasnt refrigerant here, merely it was cool. It wasnt dark, however it was dim. preferably of the constant crimson sunlight from the bloated red sun in the first loathsomeness Dimension, they were walking in a constant dusk. It was unnerving, always looking up for the sky and neer slanging the moon or moons or the planet that might well(p) be up in that location. Rather than sky, there was nothing al unrivaled tangled tree branches, clearly heavy and so intricately entwined as to take up every(prenominal) secondment of space above.Was she crazy, thinking that maybe they were on that moon, the diamond b pay off tiny moon that you could see from the forthside of the Nether World Gatehouse? Was it too tiny to make up an automated teller? Too smal for proper graveness? She had noticed that she felt lighter here and that eventide bonnys ste ps seemed quite farsighted. Could she? She tensed her legs, permit go of Stefans hand, and jumped.It was a long jump, but it hadnt taken her everywhere near the canopy of woven branches above. And she didnt land neatly on her toes, either. Her feet flew out from under her on mil ennia of leaf mold and she skidded on her rear shut bulge out for maybe three feet, before she could dig her fingers and feet in and stop.Elena Are you All right?She could hear Stefan and middling cal ing from behind her, and a quick, impatient Are you crazy? from Damon.I was trying to figure out where we were by testing the gravity,she verbalise, standing up on her throw and brushing pull outs pip the seat of her jeans, mortified. Damn Those leaves had byg adept up the natural covering of her T-shirt, had even gotten inside her camisole. The group had left most of their furs behind at the Gatehouse, where perspicacious could guard them, and Elena didnt even have sp atomic number 18 clothes. That had been stupid, she told herself angrily instanter. Embarrassed, she tried to walk and shimmy at the aforementioned(prenominal) time, to draw the crumbled leaves out of her top. utmost y she had to say, dear a second, everybody.Guys, could you turn around? Bonnie, could you come back here and help me?Bonnie was glad to help and Elena was astonished at how long it took to pick ooze away from her own flinching back.Next time you want a scientific opinion, try asking, Damons scornful archetype transference commented. Aloud, he added, Id say its close to eighty percent Earths gravity here and we could well be on a moon. Doesnt signify. If Sage hadnt helped us with this compass, wed never be able to view the trees trunk at to the lowest degree not in time.And remember,Elena tell, that the idea that the star bal is near the trunk is meet a guess. We have to constrain our eyes open alone(predicate) what should we look for?Once, Bonnie would have wailed this. Now she simply asked quietly.WellElena false to Stefan. It wil look happy, wont it?Against this horrible half-light?This horrible camouflage-green half-light,Stefan agreed. It should look like a slightly shifting slick light. barely put it like this,Damon said, walking backward graceful y and flashing his old 250-kilowatt smile for a second at them.If we dont fol ow Sages suggestion, wel never find the trunk. If we try to wander randomly around this world, we wil never find anything including our way back. And therefore not only Fel s Church, but we wil al die, in this order. First, we cardinal vampires wil sort with al civilized behavior, as starvation Stefan wont,cried Elena, and Bonnie said, Youre average as bad as Shinichi, with his revelationsabout usDamon smiled subtly. If I were as bad as Shinichi, pocket-sized redbird, you would already be punctured like an drop off juice box or I would be sitting back with Sage, enjoying Black Magic Look, this is pointless,Stefan said.Damon feign sympathy. Maybe you haveproblemsin the canine area, but I do not, little br opposite.He by choice held the smile this time so everyone could see his pointed teeth.Stefan wouldnt be baited. And its holding us up Wrong, little brother. around of us have mastered the art of speaking and walking at the same time.Damon stop it Just stopElena said, rubbing her hot fore soul with cold fingers.Damon shrugged, Stillmoving backward. You only had to ask,he said, with honourable the slightest emphasis on the first word.Elena said nothing in return. She felt feverish.It wasnt al just straight walking. Frequently there were huge mounds of knotted roots in their way that had to be climbed.Sometimes Stefan had to use the axe from his mob to make tushholds.Elena had come to hate the deep green demi-light more than anything. It played tricks on her eyes, just as the muffled sound of their feet on the leaf-strewn ground played tricks on her ears. Several times she stopped and one time S tefan did to say, Theres someone else here Fol owing usEach time they had al stopped and listened intently. Stefan and Damon sent extrasensory probes of big businessman as far as they could reach, seeking another mind. however either it was so well disguised as to be invisible or it didnt exist at all.And then, after Elena felt as if she had been walking her whole life, and would grasp walking until eternity ended, Damon stopped abruptly. Bonnie, just behind him, sucked in her breath. Elena and Stefan go forward to see what it was.What Elena saw made her say, unsteadily, I think maybe we missed the trunk and piecethe edgeOn the ground in front of her and as far as she could see, was the star-studded darkness of space. But washing out the light of the stars was a huge planet and two huge moons, one swirled blueweed and white and one silver.Stefan was holding her hand, sharing the wonder with her, and tingles ran up her arm and into her suddenly weak knees, just from his feathe r-light touch on her fingers.Then Damon said caustical y, Look up.Elena did and gasped. For just an instant her body was write outly unmoored. She and Stefan automatical y wound their arms around each other. And then Elena realized what they were seeing, twain above and below.Its water,she said, staring at the pool spread out before them. One of those freshwater seas Sage told us about.And not a ripple on it. Not a breath of wind.But it does look as if were on that smal est moon,Stefan said mildly, his eyes deceptively innocent as he looked at Damon.Yes, Well, then theres something exceedingly heavy at the core of this moonlet, to al ow for eight-tenths the gravity we normal y experience, and to hang on to so much atmosphere but who cares about logic? This is a world we reached through the Nether World. Why should logic declare?He looked at Elena with slightly narrowed, hooded eyes.Where is the third one? The grave one?The voice came from behind them Elena ideal. She was they a l were turning from looking at bril iant light into half-darkness. Everything shimmered and danced before her eyes.Grave Meredith laughing BonnieAnd Elena with golden hair.They speak and then are silentThey plot and I no longer careBut I must have Elena,Elena with the Golden HairWell, youre not going to have mecried Elena. And that poem is a complete misquote, anyway. I remember it from freshman English class. And youre crazy Even through her anger and fear she wondered about Fel s Church. If Shinichi was here, could he bring about the Last Midnight there? Or could Misao simply set it off with a languid wave?But I will have you, golden Elena,the kitsune said.Both Stefan and Damon had knives out. Thats just where youre wrong, Shinichi,Stefan said. You wil never, ever touch Elena again.I have to try. Youve taken everything else.Elenas heart was pounding straightaway. If hel talk sense to any of us, hel talk to me, she thought. Shouldnt you be getting ready for the Last Midnight, Sh inichi?she asked in a friendly tone, inwardly awe in case he should say, Its already over.She doesnt need me. She wouldnt comfort Misao. Why should I help Her?For a moment Elena couldnt speak. She? She? Other than Misao, what other She was involved in this?Damon had a crossbow out now, with a quarrel blotto in it.But Shinichi just went rambling on.Misao couldnt move anymore. She had put al her Power into her star bal , you see. She never laughed or sang any longer never made up any plots with me. She justsat.Final y she asked me to put her into myself. She thought wed become one that way. So she dissolved and merged right into me. But it didnt help. NowI can barely hear her.Ive come to get my star bal . Ive been using its vigour to travel through the dimensions. If I put Misao into my star bal , shel recover. Then Il hide it again but not where I left it last. Il put it farther up where no one else wil ever find it.He seemed to focus on his listeners. So I guess its Misao and I who are talking to you right now. demur that Im so lonely I cant retrieve her at all.You wil not touch Elena,Stefan said quietly.Damon was looking grimly at the rest of the group at Shinichis words, Il put it farther upGo on, Bonnie, keep moving,Stefan added. You too, Elena. Wel fol ow.Elena let Bonnie go some feet ahead before saying telepathical y, We cant break up, Stefan theres only one compass. sojourn out, Elena He might hear you came Stefans voice, and Damon added flatly, Shut upDont bother tel ing her to shut up,Shinichi said. Youre mad if you think that I cant just pick your thoughts right out of your minds. I didnt think you were that stupid.Were not stupid,Bonnie said hotly.No? Then did you figure out my riddles for you?This is hardly the time for that,Elena snapped. It was a mistake, for it caused Shinichi to focus on her again.Did you tel them what you think about the tragedy of Camelot, Elena? No, I didnt think youd have the courage. Il tel them, then, shal I? Il read it as you put it in your diary.No You cant have read my diary Anyway its no longer applicable Elena flared.Let me seethese are your own words now.He assumed a reading voice. Dear Diary, one of Shinichis riddles was what I thought of Camelot. You know, the legend of King Arthur, Queen Guinevere, and the knight she belovedd, Lancelot.And heres what I thought. A lot of innocent people died and were miserable because three selfish people a king, a queen, and a knight couldnt behave in a civilized way.They couldnt understand that the more you love, the more you find to love. But those three couldnt give away in to love and just share al three of themShut upscreamed Elena. Shut up My God, Damon said, my life just lapped itself.So did mine. Stefan sounded dizzy.Just forget about all of it, Elena told them. Its not true anymore. Stefan, Im yours forever, and I always was. And right now w eve got to get rid of this bastard, and run for the trunk.Misao and I used to do that,Shinic hi said. Talk alone together on a special frequency. Youre certainly a faithful manipulator, Elena, to keep them from kil ing each other over you.Yes, its a special frequency I cal the truth,Elena said. But Im not half as good a manipulator as Damon is. Now attack us or let us go away. Were in a hurryAttack you?Shinichi seemed to be thinking over the idea.And then, faster than Elena could track it, he went for Bonnie.The vampires, who had been expecting him to try to get to Elena, were caught off guard, but Elena, who had seen the flicker of his eyes toward the weaker girl, was already diving for him. He locomote back so quickly that she found herself heading for his legs, but then she realized she had a incident to throw him off balance. She deliberately went for a headbutt with his kneecap, at the same time stabbing deep into his foot with her knife.Forgive me, Bonnie, she thought, knowing what he would do. It was the same as what hed had his puppet, Damon, do when hed held Ele na and Matt hostage before pretermit that he didnt need a pine branch to direct the inconvenience. Black energy erupted directly from his detainment into Bonnies smal body.But there was another factor he hadnt taken into account.When hed had Damon attack Matt and Elena hed had the sense to keep away from them while directing agony into their bodies. This time, hed seized Bonnie and wrapped his arms around her. And Bonnie was a most excel ent telepath herself, especial y at projecting. When the first wave of agony hit her, she screamed and redirected the pain toward Shinichi.It was like completing a circuit. It didnt hurt Bonnie any less, but it meant that anything Shinichi did to her he felt in his own body, amplified by Bonnies terror. That was the system that Elena slammed into as hard as she could. When her head impacted with his knee, his kneebone was the more fallible of the two, and something inside it crackled. Dazed, she concentrated on twisting the knife shed stabbed through his foot and into the soil below.It wouldnt have worked if she hadnt had two extremely agile vampires right behind her. Since Shinichi didnt fal over, she would just have been putting her neck at the improve level for him to snap cleanly.But Stefan was only a split second behind her. He seized her and was out of Shinichis reach before the kitsune could even assess the situation properly.Let me go,Elena gasped at Stefan. She was determined to get Bonnie. I left my knife,she added craftily, finding a more concrete reason for forcing Stefan to let her back into the fray.Where?In his foot, of course.She could feel Stefan trying not to laugh out loud. I think thats a good place to leave it. Take one of mine,he added.If youve quite finished your little chat, you might get rid of his tails, came Damons cold telepathy.At that moment Bonnie passed out, but with her own telepathic circuits Stillwide open and directed back toward Shinichi. And now Damon had gone into offensive mode, a s if he cared nothing about Bonnies well-being, as long as he could get through her to Shinichi.Stefan, quick as a striking snake, went for one of the many tails that now waved behind Shinichi, advertising his tremendous Power. Most of them were translucent, and they surrounded his real tail the flesh-and-blood tail that every shed had.Stefans knife went snick and one of the phantom tails fel to the ground and then disappeared. There was no blood, but Shinichi keened in fury and pain.Damon, meanwhile, was ruthlessly attacking from the front.As soon as Stefan had distracted the kitsune from the back, Damon slashed both Shinichis wrists one quickly on the upstroke, the other just as fast on the down-stroke. Then he went for a body blow just at the moment that Stefan, with Elena held like a baby on his hip, snicked away another phantom tail.Elena was struggling. She was seriously worried that Damon would kill Bonnie to get to Shinichi. And besides, she herself would not be toted aro und like a piece of luggageCivilization had tumbled down al around her and she was reacting from her deepest instincts protect Stefan, protect Bonnie, protect Fel s Church. Put the enemy down. She hardly realized that in her heightened state she had drop down her unfortunately Still-human teeth into Stefans shoulder.He winced slightly, but he listened to her. All right Try to get Bonnie, then see if you can ease her.He let go of her just as Shinichi whirled to deal with him, channeling the discolor pain that, back on Earth, had flung Matt and Elena off their feet in seizures, directly toward Stefan.Elena, just released, found that everyone was make a half turn, as if to oblige her, and suddenly she saw a chance. She snatched at the limp diversity of Bonnie, and Shinichi dropped the smal er girl into her arms.Words were echoing in Elenas brain. Get Bonnie. See if you can ease her.Well, she had Bonnie now. Her own sense split Stefans two orders with another get her away from Sh inichi. Shes the priceless hostage.Elena found that she could more or less scream with fury even now. She had to keep Bonnie safe but that meant leaving Stefan, gentle Stefan, at the mercy of Shinichi. She scrambled away with Bonnie so smal and light and at the same time threw a backward glance at Stefan. He was wearing a slight frown of concentration now, but he was not only not overwhelmed with pain, he was pressing forward the attack.Even though Shinichis head was on fire. The bril iant crimson tips of his black hair had burst into flames, as if nothing else would express his enmity and his induction of winning. He was crowning himself with a flaming garland, a hel ish halo.Elenas anger at that turned into chil s down her spine as she watched something most people never lived to analyze two vampires attacking together, perfectly in sync. There was the elemental savagery in it of a pair of raptors or wolves, but there was to a fault the awesome beauty of two creatures working as a single, unified body. The distance in Stefans and Damons expressions said that this was a fight to the death. The occasional frown from Stefan or vicious smile from Damon meant that Shinichi was sending his searing dark Power through one or the other of them. But these werent weak humans Shinichi was playing with now. They were both vampires with bodies that cured almost instantly and vampires who had both fed recently from her Elena. Her extraordinary blood was feuling them now.So Im already a part of this, Elena thought. Im helping them right now. That would have to satisfy the savagery this no-holds-barred fight elicited in her. To split the perfect synchronicity with which the two vampires were handling Shinichi would be a crime, especial y when Bonnie was Stilllimp in her arms.As humans, were both liabilities, she thought. And Damon wouldnt hesitate to tel me so, even if al I wanted was to get in one single stroke.Bonnie, come on, Bonnie, she thought. Hold on to me.We re getting farther away. She picked up the smal er girl under the armpits and dragged her. She backed up into the olive dimness that stretched in al directions. When she tripped over a root and accidental y sat down, she decided that shed gone far enough, and maneuvered Bonnie into her lap.Then she cupped her hands around Bonnies little heart-shaped face and she thought of the most soothing things she could imagine. A cool plunge at warm up Springs back home.A hot bath at Lady Ulmas and then a four-handed massage, lying comfortably on a drying couch with the scent of floral incense rising around her. A approach with Saber in Mrs.Flowerss informal den. The decadence of sleeping late and waking up in her own bed with her own mother and father and baby in the house.As Elena thought of this last, she couldnt help bighearted a tiny gasp, and a teardrop fel onto Bonnies forehead. Bonnies eyelashes fluttered.Now, dont you be sad,she whispered. Elena?Ive got you, and nobodys going to h urt you again. Do you Stillfeel bad?A little. But I could hear you, in my mind, and it made me feel better. I want a long bath and a pizza. And to hold baby Adara. She can almost talk, you know. Elena youre not listening to meElena wasnt. She was watching the mishap of the fight between Stefan and Damon and Shinichi. The vampires had the kitsune down now and were squabbling over him like a couple of fledglings over a particularly tasty worm. Or maybe like a pair of baby dragons Elena wasnt sure if birds hissed at each other.Oh, no yuckBonnie saw what Elena was watching and col apsed, hiding her head against Elenas shoulder. Okay, Elena thought. I get it. Theres no savagery at allin you, is there, Bonnie? Mischief, but nothing like bloodlust. And thats good.Even as she thought this, Bonnie abruptly sat up straight, bumping Elenas chin, and pointing into the distance.Waitshe cried. Do you see that?That was a very bright light, which flared brighter as each vampire found a place to his liking on Shinichis body and bit simultaneously.Stay here,Elena said, a little thickly, because when Bonnie had bumped her chin shed accidental y bitten her tongue.She ran back to the two vampires and knocked them as hard as she could over the heads. She had to get their attention before they got completely locked into feeding mode.Not surprisingly, Stefan obscure first, and then helped her to pul Damon off his defeated enemy.Damon snarled and paced, never taking his eyes off Shinichi as the trounce kitsune slowly sat up. Elena noticed drops of blood scattered around. Then she saw it, tucked into Damons belt, black and crimson-tipped and smooth Shinichis real tail.Savagery fledfast. Elena wanted to hide her head against Stefans shoulder but instead turned up her face for a kiss.Stefan obliged.Then Elena stepped back so that they formed a triangle around Shinichi.Dont even think of attacking,Damon said pleasantly.Shinichi gave a weak shrug. Attack you? Why bother? Youl have n othing to go back to, even if I die. The children are pre-programmed to kil . But with sudden vehemence I wish wed never come to your damned little town at all and I wish wed never fol owed Her orders. I wish Id never let Misao near Her I wish we hadnt He stopped speaking suddenly.No, it was more than that, Elena thought. He froze, eyes wide open and staring. Oh, no,he whispered. Oh, no, I didnt mean that I didnt mean it I have no regrets Elena had the feeling of something coming at them at tremendous speed, so fast, in fact, that she just had time to open her mouth before it hit Shinichi. Whatever it was, it kil ed him cleanly and passed by without touching anyone else.Shinichi fel facedown onto the dirt.Dont bother,Elena said softly, as Stefan reflexively moved toward the corpse. Hes inanimate. He did it to himself.But how?Stefan and Damon demanded in chorus.Im not the expert,Elena said. Meredith is the expert on this. But she told me that kitsune could only be kil ed by des troying their star bal s, shooting them with a blessed bul etor by the Sin of Regret.Meredith and I didnt know what that meant back then it was before we had even gone into the Dark Dimension. But I think we just now saw it in action.So you cant be a kitsune and regret anything youve done?Thats harsh,Stefan said.Not at all,Damon said crisply. Although, if it had operated for vampires, no doubt you would have been permanently groundless when you woke up in the family vault.Earlier,Stefan said expressionlessly. I regreted striking you a mortal blow, even as I was dying. Youve always said I feel too guilty, but that is one thing I would give my life to take back.There was a silence that stretched and stretched. Damon was at the front of the group now, and no one but Bonnie could see his face.Suddenly Elena grabbed Stefans hand. We Stillhave a chanceshe told him. Bonnie and I saw something bright that way Lets runHe and Elena passed Damon running and he grabbed Bonnies hand too. Like the wind, BonnieBut with Shinichi dead Well, do we real y have to find his star bal or the biggest star bal or some(prenominal) is hidden in this awful place?Bonnie asked. Once, she would have whined, Elena thought. Now, despite whatever pain she felt, she was running.We do have to find it, Im afraid,Stefan said. Because from what he said, Shinichi wasnt at the top of the ladder after al .He and his sister were working for someone, someone female. And whoever She is, She may be attacking Fel s Church right now.The odds have just shifted,Elena said. We have an unknown enemy.But Still Al bets,Elena said, are off.